In the coastal Orissa writing was certainly
known from the third century B C., and inscriptions up to the middle of the
fourth century A. D. appeared in Prakrit. But from about A.D. 350 Sanskrit
began to be used. What is more significant, charters in this language appear
outside the coastal belt beyond the Mahanadi in the north.
Thus the art of writing and Sanskrit
language spread over a good portion of Orissa, and some of the finest Sanskrit
verses are found in the epigraphs of the period. Sanskrit served as the vehicle
of not only brahmanical religion and culture but also of property laws and
social regulations in new areas. Verses from the Puranas and Dharmasastras are
quoted in Sanskrit charters, and kings claim to be the preservers of the Varna
system. The affiliation of the people to the culture of the Gangetic basin is
emphasized. A dip in the Ganga at Prying at the confluence of the Ganga and the
Yamuna is considered holy, and victorious kings visit Pitaya
Bengal
As regards Bengal, portions of north Bengal,
now in Bogra district, give evidence of the prevalence of writing in the time
of Asoka. An inscription indicates several settlements maintaining a storehouse
filled with coins and food grains for the upkeep of Buddhist monks. Clearly the
local peasants were m a position to spare a part of their produce for paying
taxes and making gifts.
Further, people of this area knew Prakrit
and professed Buddhism, Similarly an inscription found in the coastal district
of Noakhali in southeast Bengal shows that people knew Prakrit and Brahmi
script in that area in the second century B.C. But for the greater part of
Bengal we do not hear anything till we come to the fourth .century A.D In about
the middle of the fourth century a king with the title of maharaja ruled in
Pokharna on the Damodara in Bankura district. He knew Sanskrit and was a
devotee of Vishnu, to whom he possibly granted a village.
The area lying between the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra now covering Bangladesh emerged as a settled and fairly Sanskrit educated
area in the fifth and sixth centuries The Gupta governors seem to have become
independent after about A.D. 550, and occupied north Bengal, a portion may have
been seized by the rulers of Kamarupa Local vassal princes called Samantha
maharajas had created their own administrative apparatus and built their
military organization consisting of horses, elephants and foot soldiers and
boats to fight their rivals and collect taxes from the local peasantry. By A.D.
600 the area came to be known as Gaudi with its independent state ruled by
Sasanka, the adversary of Harsha
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